What condition is caused when the sphincter does not close properly allowing stomach acid to seep into the esophagus?

The condition that occurs when the sphincter does not close properly, allowing stomach acid to seep into the esophagus, is known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a chronic condition characterized by frequent acid reflux episodes. This happens when the lower esophageal sphincter, which normally acts as a barrier between the stomach and the esophagus, fails to function effectively, leading to the backflow of acidic stomach contents.

While acid reflux itself refers to the general occurrence of stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus, GERD specifies a more serious and chronic form of this condition, often associated with symptoms like persistent heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing. Heartburn is a symptom that can result from acid reflux and GERD, but it does not define the underlying condition. Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, and are distinct from the reflux issues being described.

Therefore, GERD is the condition that encapsulates the pathology related to a malfunctioning sphincter leading to the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.